Diated (900 radiation absorbed dose) promptly just before transplantation. BM was harvested from femurs and tibias of 4-wk-old SAMP or AKR mice. For a complete description, see SI Supplies and Procedures. Myeloperoxidase Assay Activity. Colon samples were assayed for myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity as previously described (31, 32). For a complete description, see SI Supplies and Procedures. Salmonella Infection Assays. Salmonella infection assays had been performed as previously described (9). For a complete description, see SI Materials and Approaches. Salmonella Infection in Vivo. SAMP and AKR manage mice (four? wk) had been infected with Salmonella for two d. For a complete description, see SI Components and Solutions. Statistical Evaluation. Analyses of continuous information were carried out applying parametric Student t tests, one-way or two-way ANOVAs, or linear regression (when proper), or their nonparametric alternatives.Potassium trichloroammineplatinate(II) custom synthesis For any full description, see SI Components and Techniques. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. We thank Prof. Maria Grazia Cifone (University of L’Aquila) for scientific help; Dr. Marcello Chieppa for help with bone marrow chimeric mice; Dr. Amitabh Chak for enable with all the mouse colonoscopy; and Li-Guo Jia, Mitchell Guanzon, Dennis Gruszka, Sarah Kossak, Lindsey Kaydo, and Homer Craig for their technical support. This perform was supported by National Institutes of Wellness Grants DK091222 (to F.C.), DK055812 (to F.C.), DK042191 (to F.C. and T.T.P.), and DK082437 (to C.M.), too because the Howard Hughes Healthcare Institute “Med into Grad” Initiative.1. Gutierrez O, et al. (2002) Induction of Nod2 in myelomonocytic and intestinal epithelial cells via nuclear factor-kappa B activation. J Biol Chem 277(44):41701?1705. 2. Girardin SE, et al. (2003) Nod2 is a basic sensor of peptidoglycan by means of muramyl dipeptide (MDP) detection. J Biol Chem 278(11):8869?872. three. Inohara N, et al. (2003) Host recognition of bacterial muramyl dipeptide mediated by way of NOD2. Implications for Crohn’s illness. J Biol Chem 278(8):5509?512. 4. Inohara N, Nu z G (2003) NODs: Intracellular proteins involved in inflammation and apoptosis. Nat Rev Immunol 3(5):371?82. five. Kim JY, Omori E, Matsumoto K, N��ez G, Ninomiya-Tsuji J (2008) TAK1 is usually a central mediator of NOD2 signaling in epidermal cells. J Biol Chem 283(1):137?44. 6. Park JH, et al. (2007) RICK/RIP2 mediates innate immune responses induced by way of Nod1 and Nod2 but not TLRs. J Immunol 178(4):2380?386. 7. Wagner CS, Cresswell P (2012) TLR and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor signals differentially regulate exogenous antigen presentation. J Immunol 188(two): 686?93. 8. Cooney R, et al.Buy2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluoroaniline (2010) NOD2 stimulation induces autophagy in dendritic cells influencing bacterial handling and antigen presentation.PMID:27217159 Nat Med 16(1):90?7. 9. Homer CR, Richmond AL, Rebert NA, Achkar JP, McDonald C (2010) ATG16L1 and NOD2 interact in an autophagy-dependent antibacterial pathway implicated in Crohn’s disease pathogenesis. Gastroenterology 139(5):1630?641. 10. Hampe J, et al. (2001) Association in between insertion mutation in NOD2 gene and Crohn’s illness in German and British populations. Lancet 357(9272):1925?928. 11. Hugot JP, et al. (2001) Association of NOD2 leucine-rich repeat variants with susceptibility to Crohn’s disease. Nature 411(6837):599?03. 12. Ogura Y, et al. (2003) Genetic variation and activity of mouse Nod2, a susceptibility gene for Crohn’s illness. Genomics 81(4):369?77. 13. Bonen DK, et al. (2003) Crohn’s disease-associated NOD2 variant.